Chapter 4. 세부 역사

Table of Contents

4.1. 0.x 릴리즈
4.1.1. 초기 데비안 패키징 시스템
4.2. 1.x 릴리즈
4.3. 2.x 릴리즈
4.4. 3.x 릴리즈
4.5. The 4.x Releases
4.6. The 5.x Releases
4.7. The 6.x Releases
4.8. The 7.x Releases
4.9. The 8.x Releases
4.10. The 9.x Releases
4.11. 주요 사건들
4.11.1. 2000년 7월: Joel Klecker의 죽음
4.11.2. 2000년 8월:패키지 풀 구현
4.11.3. 2001년 3월: Christopher Rutter의 죽음
4.11.4. 2001년 3월: Fabrizio Polacco의 죽음
4.11.5. July 2002: Martin Butterweck died
4.11.6. 2002년 11월: 화재로 데비안 서버 불타다
4.11.7. November 2003: Several Debian server hacked
4.11.8. May 2004: Manuel Estrada Sainz and Andrés García Solier died
4.11.9. July 2005: Jens Schmalzing died
4.11.10. December 2008: Thiemo Seufer died
4.11.11. August 2010: Frans Pop died
4.11.12. April 2011: Adrian von Bidder died
4.11.13. May 2013: Ray Dassen died
4.11.14. July 2014: Peter Miller died
4.11.15. February 2015: Clytie Siddall died
4.11.16. December 2015: Ian Murdock died
4.11.17. September 2016: Kristoffer H. Rose died
4.12. 다음은?

데비안은 Ian Murdock에 의해 1993년 8월에 시작된 프로젝트이다. 그 당시 Ian은 퍼듀 대학의 학부생이었다. 데비안은 리처드 스톨만과 General Public Licence (GPL)와 함께하는 GNU 프로젝트자유소프트웨어 재단에 의해 1994년 11월부터 1995년 11월까지 지원되었다.

데비안 0.01부터 0.90까지는 1993년 8월과 12월사이에 이루어졌다. Ian Murdock이 쓰길:

"데비안 0.91은 1994년 1월에 나왔다. 사용자들이 패키지를 다룰 수 있는 아주 원시적인 패키지 시스템이었지만 거의 제대로 작동하지 않았다(의존성이나 그밖의 것은 아무것도 할 수 없었다). 이 때즈음에 데비안을 개발하는 사람은 불과 몇십명이었고 이 릴리즈 또한 내 자신이 직접했다. 0.91은 이런 형태의 마지막 배포였다.

1994년은 데비안 프로젝트를 정비하여 다른 사람들이 효과적으로 기여할 수 있게 하고 Ian Jackson이 관리하는 dpkg이 제대로 작동하기 시작했다. 1994년에는 공식적인 릴리즈는 내 기억에는 없고 단지 몇번의 프로젝트 과정을 제대로 나가는지 확인하는 겸 내부적인 릴리즈는 있었다.

데비안 0.93 릴리즈 5는 1995년 3월에 처음 나왔고 처음으로 "현대적인" 데비안의 릴리즈라고 할 수 있다: 정확한 숫자는 모르지만 더욱더 많은 개발자들이 자신의 패키지를 갖고 있었고 dpkg를 이용해서 기본 시스템이 설치된 후 모든 패키지를 설치하고 관리할 수 있었다.

"Debian 0.93 Release 6 happened in November 1995 and was the last a.out release. There were about sixty developers maintaining packages in 0.93R6. If I remember correctly, dselect first appeared in 0.93R6."

Ian Murdock also notes that Debian 0.93R6 "... has always been my favorite release of Debian", although he admits to the possibility of some personal bias, as he stopped actively working on the project in March 1996 during the pre-production of Debian 1.0, which was actually released as Debian 1.1 to avoid confusion after a CD-ROM manufacturer mistakenly labelled an unreleased version as Debian 1.0. That incident led to the concept of "official" CD-ROM images, as a way for the project to help vendors avoid this kind of mistake.

1995년 8월 동안 (데비안 0.93 릴리즈 5와 데비안 0.93 릴리즈 6 사이)에 Hartmut Koptein는 데비안의 모토롤라 m68k 패밀리 포팅을 준비하고 있었다. 그는 "수많은 패키지들이 386계열에 너무 집중되어(리틀 엔디안, -m486, -O6와 libc4를 위한 모든 것) 있어서 본인의 머신인 Atari Medusa 68040, 32 MHz에 기본적인 시스템을 만든다는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니었다. 석달후인 1995년 11월에 250개의 가용한 패키지중에서 200개의 패키지를 libc5용으로 업로드했다!" 이 이후로 데비안 프로젝트는 다른 포트로의 의식을 하는데 GNU 허드 마이크로커널로의 포팅도 한다.

Since this time, the Debian Project has grown to include several ports to other architectures, a port to a new (non-Linux) kernel, the GNU Hurd microkernel, and at least one flavor of BSD kernel.

프로젝트의 초기 멤버인 Bill Mitchell은 리눅스 커널을 다음과 같이 기억한다.

"... being between 0.99r8 and 0.99r15 when we got started. For a long time, I could build the kernel in less than 30 minutes on a 20 MHz 386-based machine, and could also do a Debian install in that same amount of time in under 10Mb of disk space.

" ... Ian Murdock, 본인, Ian Jackson과 다른 Ian (이름이 기억안남), Dan Quinlan과 다른 몇몇 이름이 기억이 안나는 사람들이 초기 구성원이었다. Matt Welsh는 초기 멤버중의 한명이었거나 그 이전의 멤버였다. 누군가가 메일링 리스트를 만들었고 가동을 하기 시작했다.

본인이 기억하기로는 계획을 가지고 시작하지 않았고 아주 조직화 되는 형태로 프로젝트를 시작하지는 않았다. 시작할 당시에는 매우 무작위적으로 소스를 모아서 패키징을 하는 식이었다. 시간이 지남에 따라서 목록을 모으고 이 부분을 모아서 배포본의 핵심으로 묶었다: 커널, 쉘, update, getty와 다양한 형태의 프로그램들, 그리고 시스템을 시작하는데 필요한 프로그램들과 필수 유틸리티들."

프로젝트의 초기에는 개발자들이 오직 소스 패키지만 제공하는 것만 생각하였다. 각 패키지는 상위 소스 코드와 데비안화된 패치파일로 구성되었고 사용자들은 소스의 압축을 풀고 패치를 적용한 후에 컴파일 하여 바이너리를 얻었다. 하지만 개발자들은 곧 바이너리 형태의 배포도 필요하다고 느겼고 이리하여 Ian Murdock에 의해 만들어진 dpkg에 의해 데비안화된 바이너리 형태의 패키지를 만들고 나중에 이 프로그램을 이용해서 파일을 풀고 패키의 파일을 설치한다.

Ian Jackson soon took over the development of the packaging tool, renaming the tool itself dpkg-deb and writing a front-end program he named dpkg to facilitate the use of dpkg-deb and provide the Dependencies and Conflicts of today's Debian system. The packages produced by these tools had a header listing the version of the tool used to create the package and an offset within the file to a tar-produced archive, which was separated from the header by some control information.

이 시점에서 프로젝트의 구성원들 사이에 논쟁이 일어났는데 일부는 dpkg-deb로 만들어진 데비안만의 특색있는 형태는 ar 프로그램이 만들어내는 형태를 위하여 없어져야한다고 주장하였다. 몇번의 수정된 파일형태와 이에 해당하는 패키징 도구가 나온후에 ar 형태가 도입되었다. 이러한 변화의 핵심은 데비안 패키지가 어떠한 유닉스 호환 시스템에서도 불신이 가는 실행파일을 실행하지 않고도 압축이 풀린다는 것이다. 달리 말해서, 표준도구인 'ar'과 'tar'와 같은 것이 현재의 모든 유닉스 시스템에서 데비안 바이너리 패키지를 풀고 내용을 확인하는데 필요하다는 것이다.

When Ian Murdock left Debian, he appointed Bruce Perens as the next leader of the project. Bruce first became interested in Debian while he was attempting to create a Linux distribution CD to be called "Linux for Hams", which would include all of the Linux software useful to ham radio operators. Finding that the Debian core system would require much further work to support his project, Bruce ended up working heavily on the base Linux system and related installation tools, postponing his ham radio distribution, including organizing (with Ian Murdock) the first set of Debian install scripts, eventually resulting in the Debian Rescue Floppy that was a core component of the Debian installation toolset for several releases.

Murdock씨가 이야기하길:

"Bruce는 본인의 위치를 이어받을 자연스러운 기회를 가졌는데 이는 그가 거의 일년동안 기본 시스템을 유지하는데 신경을 썼기 때문이고 본인이 데비안쪽으로 가는 시간동안 그는 슬랙을 선택했었다."

He initiated several important facets of the project, including coordinating the effort to produce the Debian Free Software Guidelines and the Debian Social Contract, and initiating an Open Hardware Project. During his time as Project Leader, Debian gained market share and a reputation as a platform for serious, technically-capable Linux users.

Bruce Perens씨는 물론 Software in the Public Interest, Inc.를 만드는데 많은 공헌을 했다. 원래 데비안 프로젝트가 법적으로 아무 하자 없이 기부를 받게 하려고 시작했는데 이 목적은 곧 빠르게 확장되어 데비안 프로젝트는 물론이고 그 밖의 자유소프트웨어를 지원하는 내용까지 되었다.

다음 데비안의 버전은 이때 나왔다:

  • 1.1 Buzz는 1996년 6월에 나왔다 (474개의 패키지와 2.0 커널, 완전한 ELF, dpkg)

  • 1.2 Rex는 1996년 12월에 나왔다. (848 패키지, 120명의 개발자)

  • 1.3 Bo는 1997년 7월에 나왔다. (974 패키지, 200명 개발자)

잠시동안 1.3에 몇가지 릴리즈가 있었는데 1.3.1R6까지 나왔다.

http://www.debian.org/News/1999/19990309 Bruce Perens가 물러나고 Ian Jackson이 1998년 1월초에 2.0 릴리즈 준비의 리더로서 나오면서 데비안 프로젝트의 리더가 되었다.

Ian Jackson은 1998년 초에 데비안 프로젝트 리더가 되었고 Software Public Interest에 부리더가 된다. Treasurer인 Tim Sailer와 리더인 Bruce Perens, Secretary인 Ian Murdock이 은퇴하고 난후에 그는 SPI 위원회의 리더가 되었고 새로운 세명의 임원이 선출되었다: 부리더인 Martin Schulze, Sceretary인 Dale Scheetz, Treasurer인 Nils Lohner.

데비안 2.0 (햄(Hamm))이 인텔 i386계열과 모토롤라 68000 시리즈 아키텍처에 맞게되어 나왔다. 이번 릴리즈는 시스템의 새로운 C 라이브러리(glibc2에 기반한 lib6)로 되었고 1500개가 넘는 패키지와 400명이 넘는 개발자들이 참여하였다.

Wichert Akkerman가 1999년 1월부터 Ian Jackson의 자리를 이어받아 데비안 프로젝트 리더가 되었다. 데비안 2.1은 1999년 3월 9일에 릴리즈되었다. 이는 몇개의 마지막 작은 문제들이 생겨 일주일 동안 릴리즈가 연기된 상황이었다.

데비안 2.1은 두가지 아키텍처를 공식적으로 지원한다: 알파(Alpha)스팍(Sparc). 데비안 2.1에 있는 엑스윈도우 패키지들은 이전의 릴리즈에서 재정비 한 것이며 2.1은 차세대 데비안 패키지 관리 인터페이스인 apt를 포함하였다. 데비안의 이번 릴리즈는 "공식적인 데비안 시디 세트"로 두장의 시디도 릴리즈 되었다; 2250개의 패키지를 포함하고 있었다.

On 21 April 1999, Corel Corporation and the K Desktop Project effectively formed an alliance with Debian when Corel announced its intentions to release a Linux distribution based on Debian and the desktop environment produced by the KDE group. During the following spring and summer months, another Debian-based distribution, Storm Linux, appeared, and the Debian Project chose a new logo, featuring both an Official version for use on Debian-sanctioned materials such as CD-ROMs and official Project web sites, and an Unofficial logo for use on material mentioning or derived from Debian.

새롭고 독특한 허드(Hurd)에 대한 데비안 포팅이 이 때즈음에 시작되었다. 이는 GNU Mach 마이크로커널 기반의 GNU Hurd를 사용하는 리눅스 커널 기반이 아닌 첫번째 포팅이다.

Debian 2.2 (Potato) was released August 15th, 2000 for the Intel i386, Motorola 68000 series, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC and ARM architectures. This was the first release including PowerPC and ARM ports. At the time of release, there were 3900+ binary and 2600+ source packages maintained by more than 450 Debian developers.

An interesting fact about Debian 2.2 is that it showed how an free software effort could lead to a modern operating system despite all the issues around it. This was studied[1] thoroughly by a group of interested people in an article called Counting potatoes quoting from this article:

"[중략] 우리는 sloccount 시스템을 써서 데비안 2.2인 포테이토 의 눈에 보이는 코드의 라인수(source lines of code: SLOC)를 알아보았다. 데비안은 55,000,000 이상의 SLOC인데 이는 레드햇 7.1보다 무려 두배가 큰 셈이고 이는 데비안 개발 모델이 전세계에 퍼져있는 수많은 개발자 들이 모여 작업하는 모델을 보여준 셈이다. 이는 적어도 다른 개발 방법에 맞먹는 수준이다. 만일 데비안이 독점 개발 방식을 따랐다면 COCOMO 모델은 데비안 2.2를 개발하기에 19 억 미국달러가 들 수 있다고 예측했다. 거기에 개발에 필요한 70% 차지하는 C와 10%의 C++, LISP와 쉘이 5% 그리고 나머지인데 이런 언어를 담고 있을 뿐 아니라 가장 커다란 패키지인 모질라와 리눅스 커널, PM3와 XFree86까지 들어있다"

우디가 나오기 전에 ftp-master에 있는 아카이브 시스템에 변화가 왔다. 특정 배포본인 "testing"이 새롭게 나오게 되었고 이는 2000년 12월 중순에 activated on ftp-master 나왔다. 패키지 풀은 있는 패키지를 다른 버전으로 나눠서 묶는 시스템으로 현재는 experimental, unstable, testing, stable로 되어있고 각 배포본에 알맞는 패키지를 마음대로 가져다 쓸 수 있다.

testing이 나옴과 동시에 unstable에 있던 패키지는 몇주 시간이 지나고 나서 testing으로 들어가고 testing에 있던 패키지는 stable로 들어가게 된다. 이는 결국 동결과정을 줄이고 언제나 새로운 릴리즈를 준비하게 해주는데 도움을 준다.

이 기간동안 새로운 버전을 가지고 장사를 했던 회사가 문을 닫는다. 코렐은 리눅스 부분을 2001년 1 사분기에 팔아버렸고 스토믹스는 2001년 1원 17일에 파산선고를 한다. 프로지니는 2001년 10월 1일부터 더이상 배포본 개발을 중단한다고 발표한다.

The freeze for the next release started on July 1st 2001. However, it took the project a little more than a year to get to the next release, due to problems in boot-floppies, because of the introduction of cryptographic software in the main archive and due to the changes in the underlying architecture (the incoming archive and the security architecture). In that time, however, the stable release (Debian 2.2) was revised up to seven times, and two Project Leaders were elected: Ben Collins (in 2001) and Bdale Garbee. Also, work in many areas of Debian besides packaging kept growing, including internationalization, Debian's web site (over a thousand web pages) was translated into over 20 different languages, and installation for the next release was ready in 23 languages. Two internal projects: Debian Junior (for children) and Debian Med (for medical practice and research) started during the woody release time frame providing the project with different focuses to make Debian suitable for those tasks.

The work around Debian didn't stop the developers from organizing an annual meeting called DebConf. The first meeting was held from the 2nd to the 5th of July together with the Libre Software Meeting (LSM) at Bordeaux (France) gathered around forty Debian developers. The second conference took place in Toronto (Canada) July 5th 2002 with over eighty participants.

Debian 3.0 (woody) was released July 19th, 2002 for the Intel i386, Motorola 68000 series, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) and IBM s/390 architectures. This is the first release including HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) and IBM s/390 ports. At the time of release, there were around 8500 binary packages maintained by over nine hundred Debian developers, becoming the first release to be available on DVD media as well as CD-ROMs.

Before the next release the DebConf annual meeting continued with the fourth conference taking place in Oslo from July 18th to July 20th 2003 with over one hundred and twenty participants, with a DebCamp preceding it, from July 12th to July 17th. The fifth conference took place from May 26th to June 2nd 2004 in Porto Alegre, Brazil with over one hundred and sixty participants from twenty six different countries.

Debian 3.1 (sarge) was released June 6th, 2005 for the same architectures as woody, although an unofficial AMD64 port was released at the same time using the project hosting infrastructure provided for the distribution and available at https://alioth.debian.org. There were around 15,000 binary packages maintained by more than one thousand and five hundred Debian developers.

There were many major changes in the sarge release, mostly due to the large time it took to freeze and release the distribution. Not only did this release update over 73% of the software shipped in the previous version, but it also included much more software than previous releases almost doubling in size with 9,000 new packages including the OpenOffice suite, the Firefox web browser and the Thunderbird e-mail client.

This release shipped with the 2.4 and 2.6 Linux kernel series, XFree86 4.3, GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3 and with a brand new installer. This new installer replaced the aging boot-floppies installer with a modular design with provided for more advanced installations (with RAID, XFS and LVM support) including hardware detections and making installations easier for novice users of all the architectures. It also switched to aptitude as the selected tool for package management. But the installation system also boasted full internationalization support as the software was translated into almost forty languages. The supporting documentation: installation manual and release notes, were made available with the release in ten and fifteen different languages respectively.

This release included the efforts of the Debian-Edu/Skolelinux, Debian-Med and Debian-Accessibility sub-projects which boosted the number of educational packages and those with a medical affiliation as well as packages designed especially for people with disabilities.

The sixth DebConf was held in Espoo, Finland, from July 10th to July 17th, 2005 with over three hundred participants. Videos from this conference are available online.

The seventh DebConf was held in Oaxtepec, Mexico, from May 14th to May 22nd, 2006 with around two hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

Debian 4.0 (etch) was released April 8th, 2007 for the same number of architectures as in sarge. This included the AMD64 port but dropped support for m68k. The m68k port was, however, still available in the unstable distribution. There were around 18,200 binary packages maintained by more than one thousand and thirty Debian developers.

Debian 5.0 (lenny) was released February 14th, 2009 for one more architecture than its predecessor, etch. This included the port for newer ARM processors. As with the previous release, support for the m68k architecture was still available in unstable. There were around 23,000 binary packages (built from over 12,000 source packages) maintained by more than one thousand and ten Debian developers.

With the release of Debian lenny, the naming scheme for point releases was changed: point releases will use a true micro version number, so the first point release of Debian lenny will be 5.0.1. In the past point releases were named by an <em>r</em> plus the number appended to major and minor number, e.g. 4.0r1.

The eighth DebConf was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, from June 17th to 23th, 2007 with over four hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

The ninth DebConf was held in Mar de Plata, Argentina, from August 10th to 16th, 2008 with over two hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

The tenth DebConf was held in Caceres, Spain, from July 23th to 30th, 2009 with over two hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

The eleventh DebConf was held in New York City, United States of America, from August 1st to 7th, 2010 with DebCamp preceding it from July 25th to 31st. Over 200 people including Debian developers, maintainers, users gathered at the Columbia Campus to participate in the conference. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

Debian 6.0 (squeeze) was released February 6th, 2011.

After the project decided, the 29th of July 2009, to adopt time-based freezes so that new releases would be published the first half of every even year. Squeeze was a one-time exception to the two-year policy in order to get into the new time schedule.

This policy was adopted in order to provide better predictability of releases for users of the Debian distribution, and also allow Debian developers to do better long-term planning. A two-year release cycle provided more time for disruptive changes, reducing inconveniences caused for users. Having predictable freezes was expected also to reduce overall freeze time.

However, even though the freeze was expected in December 2009, the announcement that squeeze had frozen came in August 2010, coinciding with the celebration of the 10th annual DebConf meeting in New York.

New features include:

  • Linux Kernel 2.6.32, now completely free and without problematic firmware files.

  • libc: eglibc 2.11

  • GNOME 2.30.0 with some pieces of 2.32

  • KDE 4.4.5

  • X.org 7.5

  • Xfce 4.6

  • OpenOffice.org 3.2.1

  • Apache 2.2.16

  • PHP 5.3.3

  • MySQL 5.1.49

  • PostgreSQL 8.4.6

  • Samba 3.5.6

  • GCC 4.4

  • Perl 5.10

  • Python 2.6 and 3.1

  • 10,000 new packages, for more than 29,000 binary packages built from nearly 15,000 source packages.

  • DKMS, a framework to generate Linux kernel modules whose sources do not reside in the Linux kernel source tree.

  • Dependency-based ordering of init scripts using insserv, allowing parallel execution to shorten the time needed to boot the system.

  • Two new ports, kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64.

Many packages started using a new source package format based on quilt. This new format, called "3.0 (quilt)" for non-native packages, separates Debian patches from the distributed source code. A new format, "3.0 (native)", was also introduced for native packages. New features in these formats include support for multiple upstream tarballs, support for bzip2 and lzma compressed tarballs and the inclusion of binary files.

The twelfth DebConf was held in Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 24 to 30 July 2011, with DebCamp preceding it from 17 to 23 July.

The thirteenth DebConf was held in Managua, Nicaragua, from 8 to 14 July 2012, with DebCamp preceding it from 1 to 6 July, and a Debian Day on 7 July.

Debian 7.0 (wheezy) was released May 4th, 2013. This new version of Debian included various interesting features such as multiarch support, several specific tools to deploy private clouds, an improved installer, and a complete set of multimedia codecs and front-ends which removed the need for third-party repositories.

After the release of Debian wheezy, the naming scheme for point releases was changed once again: point releases will be named by the minor version number, e.g. 7.1. In the past point releases were named by the micro number appended to major and minor number, e.g. 6.0.1.

During the Debian Conference DebConf11, in July 2011, the "multiarch support" was introduced. This feature was a release goal for this release. Multiarch is a radical rethinking of the filesystem hierarchy with respect to library and header paths, to make programs and libraries of different hardware architectures easily installable in parallel on the very same system. This allows users to install packages from multiple architectures on the same machine. This is useful in various ways, but the most common is installing both 64 and 32-bit software on the same machine and having dependencies correctly resolved automatically. This feature is described extensively in the Multiarch manual.

The installation process was greatly improved. The system could be installed using software speech, above all by visually impaired people who do not use a Braille device. Thanks to the combined efforts of a huge number of translators, the installation system was available in 73 languages, and more than a dozen of them were available for speech synthesis too. In addition, for the first time, Debian supported installation and booting using UEFI for new 64-bit PCs, although there was no support for Secure Boot yet.

Other new features and updated software packages included:

  • Linux Kernel 3.2

  • kFreeBSD kernel 8.3 and 9.0

  • libc: eglibc 2.13

  • the GNOME 3.4 desktop environment

  • KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.8.4

  • the Xfce 4.8 desktop environment

  • X.org 7.7

  • LibreOffice 3.5.4 (replacing OpenOffice)

  • Xen Hypervisor 4.1.4

  • Apache 2.2.22

  • Tomcat 6.0.35 and 7.0.28

  • PHP 5.4

  • MySQL 5.5.30

  • PostgreSQL 9.1

  • Samba 3.6.6

  • GCC 4.7 on PCs (4.6 elsewhere)

  • Perl 5.14

  • Python 2.7

  • 12,800 new packages, for more than 37,400 binary packages built from nearly 17,500 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 7.0 chapter of Wheezy Release Notes.

The fourteenth DebConf was held in Vaumarcus, Switzerland, from 11 to 18 August 2013, with DebCamp preceding it from 6 to 10 August, and a Debian Day on 11 August.

Debian 8.0 (Jessie) was released April 25th, 2015.

A major change in this release was the replacement of the init system: systemd replaced sysvinit. This new init system featured many improvements and faster boot times. Its inclusion, however, sparked a lot of debate in the different mailing lists and even led to a General Resolution titled init system coupling. which was voted by close to half of the developers[2].

Other new features and updated software packages included:

  • Apache 2.4.10

  • Asterisk 11.13.1

  • GIMP 2.8.14

  • an updated version of the GNOME desktop environment 3.14

  • GNU Compiler Collection 4.9.2

  • Icedove 31.6.0 (an unbranded version of Mozilla Thunderbird)

  • Iceweasel 31.6.0esr (an unbranded version of Mozilla Firefox)

  • KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.11.13

  • LibreOffice 4.3.3

  • Linux 3.16.7-ctk9

  • MariaDB 10.0.16 and MySQL 5.5.42

  • Nagios 3.5.1

  • OpenJDK 7u75

  • Perl 5.20.2

  • PHP 5.6.7

  • PostgreSQL 9.4.1

  • Python 2.7.9 and 3.4.2

  • Samba 4.1.17

  • Tomcat 7.0.56 and 8.0.14

  • Xen Hypervisor 4.4.1

  • the Xfce 4.10 desktop environment

  • more than 43,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built from nearly 20,100 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 8.0 chapter of Jessie Release Notes.

Debian 9.0 (Stretch) was released June 17th, 2017.

New features and updated software packages included:

  • Apache 2.4.23

  • Bind 9.10

  • Calligra 2.9

  • Emacs 4.88

  • Firefox 50.0

  • GNOME desktop environment 3.22

  • GNU Compiler Collection 6.3

  • GnuPG 2.1

  • KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.8

  • LibreOffice 5.2.7

  • Linux 4.9

  • MariaDB 10.1

  • OpenJDK 8

  • OpenSSH 7.4p1

  • Perl 5.24

  • PHP 7.0

  • Postfix 3.1

  • PostgreSQL 9.6

  • Python 3.5

  • Samba 4.5.8

  • Xen Hypervisor 4.8.1

  • the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment

  • more than 51,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built from nearly 25,000 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 9.0 chapter of Stretch Release Notes.

2000년 7월 11일, Espy라고 알려진 Joel Klecker가 21세의 나이로 세상을 떠났다. #mklinux에서 'Espy'를 보지 못한 사람과 데비안 리스트와 채널에 있던 사람들은 이 젊은이가 Duchenne muscular dystrophy로 고통받고 있다는 사실을 알았다. 데비안 사람들은 그가 데비안 glibc와 파워피시 사나이라고 알고 있고 Joel이 겪고 있던 고통을 몰랐다. 육체가 힘들었지만 그는 그 위대한 정신을 다른 사람과 나눠가졌다.

Espy인 Joel Klecker가 그리울 것아다.

James Troup reported that he has been working on re-implementing the archive maintenance tools and switching to package pools. From this date, files are stored in a directory named after the corresponding source package inside of the pools directory. The distribution directories will only contain Packages files that contain references to the pool. This simplifies overlapping distributions such as testing and unstable. The archive is also database-driven using PostgreSQL which also speeds up lookups.

This concept of managing Debian's archives sort of like a package cache was first introduced by Bdale Garbee in this email to the debian-devel list in May of 1998.

Starting 17:00 UTC on November 19th, 2003, four of the project's main Web servers for bug tracking, mailing lists, security and Web searches have been compromised. The services were taken down for inspection and fortunately it could be confirmed, that the package archive was not affected by this compromise. On November 25th, all services were recovered and back online.

[1] The raw statistics data for Potato are also available at Debian counting site, as well as papers analyzing later releases.

[2] In the Debian Project Leader Elections of the previous four years the number of voters had been usually around 40% of the existing Debian Developers