Polygons¶
-
class
sympy.geometry.polygon.
Polygon
[source]¶ A two-dimensional polygon.
A simple polygon in space. Can be constructed from a sequence of points or from a center, radius, number of sides and rotation angle.
Parameters: vertices : sequence of Points
Raises: GeometryError
If all parameters are not Points.
Notes
Polygons are treated as closed paths rather than 2D areas so some calculations can be be negative or positive (e.g., area) based on the orientation of the points.
Any consecutive identical points are reduced to a single point and any points collinear and between two points will be removed unless they are needed to define an explicit intersection (see examples).
A Triangle, Segment or Point will be returned when there are 3 or fewer points provided.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon, pi >>> p1, p2, p3, p4, p5 = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1), (3, 0)] >>> Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) Polygon(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1, 0), Point2D(5, 1), Point2D(0, 1)) >>> Polygon(p1, p2) Segment2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1, 0)) >>> Polygon(p1, p2, p5) Segment2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(3, 0))
The area of a polygon is calculated as positive when vertices are traversed in a ccw direction. When the sides of a polygon cross the area will have positive and negative contributions. The following defines a Z shape where the bottom right connects back to the top left.
>>> Polygon((0, 2), (2, 2), (0, 0), (2, 0)).area 0
When the the keyword
is used to define the number of sides of the Polygon then a RegularPolygon is created and the other arguments are interpreted as center, radius and rotation. The unrotated RegularPolygon will always have a vertex at Point(r, 0) where
is the radius of the circle that circumscribes the RegularPolygon. Its method
can be used to increment that angle.
>>> p = Polygon((0,0), 1, n=3) >>> p RegularPolygon(Point2D(0, 0), 1, 3, 0) >>> p.vertices[0] Point2D(1, 0) >>> p.args[0] Point2D(0, 0) >>> p.spin(pi/2) >>> p.vertices[0] Point2D(0, 1)
Attributes
area angles perimeter vertices centroid sides -
angles
¶ The internal angle at each vertex.
Returns: angles : dict
A dictionary where each key is a vertex and each value is the internal angle at that vertex. The vertices are represented as Points.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.angles[p1] pi/2 >>> poly.angles[p2] acos(-4*sqrt(17)/17)
-
arbitrary_point
(parameter='t')[source]¶ A parameterized point on the polygon.
The parameter, varying from 0 to 1, assigns points to the position on the perimeter that is that fraction of the total perimeter. So the point evaluated at t=1/2 would return the point from the first vertex that is 1/2 way around the polygon.
Parameters: parameter : str, optional
Default value is ‘t’.
Returns: arbitrary_point : Point
Raises: ValueError
When
already appears in the Polygon’s definition.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Polygon, S, Symbol >>> t = Symbol('t', real=True) >>> tri = Polygon((0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)) >>> p = tri.arbitrary_point('t') >>> perimeter = tri.perimeter >>> s1, s2 = [s.length for s in tri.sides[:2]] >>> p.subs(t, (s1 + s2/2)/perimeter) Point2D(1, 1/2)
See also
-
area
¶ The area of the polygon.
Notes
The area calculation can be positive or negative based on the orientation of the points. If any side of the polygon crosses any other side, there will be areas having opposite signs.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.area 3
In the Z shaped polygon (with the lower right connecting back to the upper left) the areas cancel out:
>>> Z = Polygon((0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0)) >>> Z.area 0
In the M shaped polygon, areas do not cancel because no side crosses any other (though there is a point of contact).
>>> M = Polygon((0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (3, 0)) >>> M.area -3/2
See also
-
bounds
¶ Return a tuple (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) representing the bounding rectangle for the geometric figure.
-
centroid
¶ The centroid of the polygon.
Returns: centroid : Point Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.centroid Point2D(31/18, 11/18)
-
cut_section
(line)[source]¶ Returns a tuple of two polygon segments that lie above and below the intersecting line respectively.
Parameters: line: Line object of geometry module
line which cuts the Polygon. The part of the Polygon that lies above and below this line is returned.
Returns: upper_polygon, lower_polygon: Polygon objects or None
upper_polygon is the polygon that lies above the given line. lower_polygon is the polygon that lies below the given line. upper_polygon and lower polygon are
None
when no polygon exists above the line or below the line.Raises: ValueError: When the line does not intersect the polygon
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Symbol, Polygon, Line >>> a, b = 20, 10 >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = [(0, b), (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b)] >>> rectangle = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> t = rectangle.cut_section(Line((0, 5), slope=0)) >>> t (Polygon(Point2D(0, 10), Point2D(0, 5), Point2D(20, 5), Point2D(20, 10)), Polygon(Point2D(0, 5), Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(20, 0), Point2D(20, 5))) >>> upper_segment, lower_segment = t >>> upper_segment.area 100 >>> upper_segment.centroid Point2D(10, 15/2) >>> lower_segment.centroid Point2D(10, 5/2)
References
https://github.com/sympy/sympy/wiki/A-method-to-return-a-cut-section-of-any-polygon-geometry
-
distance
(o)[source]¶ Returns the shortest distance between self and o.
If o is a point, then self does not need to be convex. If o is another polygon self and o must be convex.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon, RegularPolygon >>> p1, p2 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (7, 5)]) >>> poly = Polygon(*RegularPolygon(p1, 1, 3).vertices) >>> poly.distance(p2) sqrt(61)
-
encloses_point
(p)[source]¶ Return True if p is enclosed by (is inside of) self.
Parameters: p : Point Returns: encloses_point : True, False or None Notes
Being on the border of self is considered False.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Polygon, Point >>> from sympy.abc import t >>> p = Polygon((0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 4)) >>> p.encloses_point(Point(2, 1)) True >>> p.encloses_point(Point(2, 2)) False >>> p.encloses_point(Point(5, 5)) False
References
-
first_moment_of_area
(point=None)[source]¶ Returns the first moment of area of a two-dimensional polygon with respect to a certain point of interest.
First moment of area is a measure of the distribution of the area of a polygon in relation to an axis. The first moment of area of the entire polygon about its own centroid is always zero. Therefore, here it is calculated for an area, above or below a certain point of interest, that makes up a smaller portion of the polygon. This area is bounded by the point of interest and the extreme end (top or bottom) of the polygon. The first moment for this area is is then determined about the centroidal axis of the initial polygon.
Parameters: point: Point, two-tuple of sympifyable objects, or None (default=None)
point is the point above or below which the area of interest lies If
point=None
then the centroid acts as the point of interest.Returns: Q_x, Q_y: number or sympy expressions
Q_x is the first moment of area about the x-axis Q_y is the first moment of area about the y-axis A negetive sign indicates that the section modulus is determined for a section below (or left of) the centroidal axis
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon, symbol >>> a, b = 50, 10 >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = [(0, b), (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b)] >>> p = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> p.first_moment_of_area() (625, 3125) >>> p.first_moment_of_area(point=Point(30, 7)) (525, 3000)
References
https://skyciv.com/docs/tutorials/section-tutorials/calculating-the-statical-or-first-moment-of-area-of-beam-sections/?cc=BMD https://mechanicalc.com/reference/cross-sections
-
intersection
(o)[source]¶ The intersection of polygon and geometry entity.
The intersection may be empty and can contain individual Points and complete Line Segments.
Parameters: other: GeometryEntity
Returns: intersection : list
The list of Segments and Points
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon, Line >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly1 = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> p5, p6, p7 = map(Point, [(3, 2), (1, -1), (0, 2)]) >>> poly2 = Polygon(p5, p6, p7) >>> poly1.intersection(poly2) [Point2D(1/3, 1), Point2D(2/3, 0), Point2D(9/5, 1/5), Point2D(7/3, 1)] >>> poly1.intersection(Line(p1, p2)) [Segment2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1, 0))] >>> poly1.intersection(p1) [Point2D(0, 0)]
-
is_convex
()[source]¶ Is the polygon convex?
A polygon is convex if all its interior angles are less than 180 degrees and there are no intersections between sides.
Returns: is_convex : boolean
True if this polygon is convex, False otherwise.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.is_convex() True
See also
-
perimeter
¶ The perimeter of the polygon.
Returns: perimeter : number or Basic instance Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.perimeter sqrt(17) + 7
See also
-
plot_interval
(parameter='t')[source]¶ The plot interval for the default geometric plot of the polygon.
Parameters: parameter : str, optional
Default value is ‘t’.
Returns: plot_interval : list (plot interval)
[parameter, lower_bound, upper_bound]
Examples
>>> from sympy import Polygon >>> p = Polygon((0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)) >>> p.plot_interval() [t, 0, 1]
-
polar_second_moment_of_area
()[source]¶ Returns the polar modulus of a two-dimensional polygon
It is a constituent of the second moment of area, linked through the perpendicular axis theorem. While the planar second moment of area describes an object’s resistance to deflection (bending) when subjected to a force applied to a plane parallel to the central axis, the polar second moment of area describes an object’s resistance to deflection when subjected to a moment applied in a plane perpendicular to the object’s central axis (i.e. parallel to the cross-section)
Examples
>>> from sympy import Polygon, symbols >>> a, b = symbols('a, b') >>> rectangle = Polygon((0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b), (0, b)) >>> rectangle.polar_second_moment_of_area() a**3*b/12 + a*b**3/12
References
-
second_moment_of_area
(point=None)[source]¶ Returns the second moment and product moment of area of a two dimensional polygon.
Parameters: point : Point, two-tuple of sympifyable objects, or None(default=None)
point is the point about which second moment of area is to be found. If “point=None” it will be calculated about the axis passing through the centroid of the polygon.
Returns: I_xx, I_yy, I_xy : number or sympy expression
I_xx, I_yy are second moment of area of a two dimensional polygon. I_xy is product moment of area of a two dimensional polygon.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon, symbols >>> a, b = symbols('a, b') >>> p1, p2, p3, p4, p5 = [(0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b), (0, b), (a/3, b/3)] >>> rectangle = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> rectangle.second_moment_of_area() (a*b**3/12, a**3*b/12, 0) >>> rectangle.second_moment_of_area(p5) (a*b**3/9, a**3*b/9, a**2*b**2/36)
References
-
section_modulus
(point=None)[source]¶ Returns a tuple with the section modulus of a two-dimensional polygon.
Section modulus is a geometric property of a polygon defined as the ratio of second moment of area to the distance of the extreme end of the polygon from the centroidal axis.
Parameters: point : Point, two-tuple of sympifyable objects, or None(default=None)
point is the point at which section modulus is to be found. If “point=None” it will be calculated for the point farthest from the centroidal axis of the polygon.
Returns: S_x, S_y: numbers or SymPy expressions
S_x is the section modulus with respect to the x-axis S_y is the section modulus with respect to the y-axis A negetive sign indicates that the section modulus is determined for a point below the centroidal axis
Examples
>>> from sympy import symbols, Polygon, Point >>> a, b = symbols('a, b', positive=True) >>> rectangle = Polygon((0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b), (0, b)) >>> rectangle.section_modulus() (a*b**2/6, a**2*b/6) >>> rectangle.section_modulus(Point(a/4, b/4)) (-a*b**2/3, -a**2*b/3)
References
-
sides
¶ The directed line segments that form the sides of the polygon.
Returns: sides : list of sides
Each side is a directed Segment.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.sides [Segment2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1, 0)), Segment2D(Point2D(1, 0), Point2D(5, 1)), Segment2D(Point2D(5, 1), Point2D(0, 1)), Segment2D(Point2D(0, 1), Point2D(0, 0))]
-
vertices
¶ The vertices of the polygon.
Returns: vertices : list of Points Notes
When iterating over the vertices, it is more efficient to index self rather than to request the vertices and index them. Only use the vertices when you want to process all of them at once. This is even more important with RegularPolygons that calculate each vertex.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Point, Polygon >>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = map(Point, [(0, 0), (1, 0), (5, 1), (0, 1)]) >>> poly = Polygon(p1, p2, p3, p4) >>> poly.vertices [Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1, 0), Point2D(5, 1), Point2D(0, 1)] >>> poly.vertices[0] Point2D(0, 0)
See also
-
-
class
sympy.geometry.polygon.
RegularPolygon
[source]¶ A regular polygon.
Such a polygon has all internal angles equal and all sides the same length.
Parameters: center : Point
radius : number or Basic instance
The distance from the center to a vertex
n : int
The number of sides
Raises: GeometryError
If the
is not a Point, or the
is not a number or Basic instance, or the number of sides,
, is less than three.
Notes
A RegularPolygon can be instantiated with Polygon with the kwarg n.
Regular polygons are instantiated with a center, radius, number of sides and a rotation angle. Whereas the arguments of a Polygon are vertices, the vertices of the RegularPolygon must be obtained with the vertices method.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> r = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 3) >>> r RegularPolygon(Point2D(0, 0), 5, 3, 0) >>> r.vertices[0] Point2D(5, 0)
See also
Attributes
vertices center radius rotation apothem interior_angle exterior_angle circumcircle incircle angles -
angles
¶ Returns a dictionary with keys, the vertices of the Polygon, and values, the interior angle at each vertex.
Examples
>>> from sympy import RegularPolygon, Point >>> r = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 3) >>> r.angles {Point2D(-5/2, -5*sqrt(3)/2): pi/3, Point2D(-5/2, 5*sqrt(3)/2): pi/3, Point2D(5, 0): pi/3}
-
apothem
¶ The inradius of the RegularPolygon.
The apothem/inradius is the radius of the inscribed circle.
Returns: apothem : number or instance of Basic Examples
>>> from sympy import Symbol >>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> radius = Symbol('r') >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), radius, 4) >>> rp.apothem sqrt(2)*r/2
-
area
¶ Returns the area.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon >>> square = RegularPolygon((0, 0), 1, 4) >>> square.area 2 >>> _ == square.length**2 True
-
args
¶ Returns the center point, the radius, the number of sides, and the orientation angle.
Examples
>>> from sympy import RegularPolygon, Point >>> r = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 3) >>> r.args (Point2D(0, 0), 5, 3, 0)
-
center
¶ The center of the RegularPolygon
This is also the center of the circumscribing circle.
Returns: center : Point Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 4) >>> rp.center Point2D(0, 0)
-
centroid
¶ The center of the RegularPolygon
This is also the center of the circumscribing circle.
Returns: center : Point Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 4) >>> rp.center Point2D(0, 0)
-
circumcenter
¶ Alias for center.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 4) >>> rp.circumcenter Point2D(0, 0)
-
circumcircle
¶ The circumcircle of the RegularPolygon.
Returns: circumcircle : Circle Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 4, 8) >>> rp.circumcircle Circle(Point2D(0, 0), 4)
See also
-
circumradius
¶ Alias for radius.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Symbol >>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> radius = Symbol('r') >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), radius, 4) >>> rp.circumradius r
-
encloses_point
(p)[source]¶ Return True if p is enclosed by (is inside of) self.
Parameters: p : Point Returns: encloses_point : True, False or None Notes
Being on the border of self is considered False.
The general Polygon.encloses_point method is called only if a point is not within or beyond the incircle or circumcircle, respectively.
Examples
>>> from sympy import RegularPolygon, S, Point, Symbol >>> p = RegularPolygon((0, 0), 3, 4) >>> p.encloses_point(Point(0, 0)) True >>> r, R = p.inradius, p.circumradius >>> p.encloses_point(Point((r + R)/2, 0)) True >>> p.encloses_point(Point(R/2, R/2 + (R - r)/10)) False >>> t = Symbol('t', real=True) >>> p.encloses_point(p.arbitrary_point().subs(t, S.Half)) False >>> p.encloses_point(Point(5, 5)) False
-
exterior_angle
¶ Measure of the exterior angles.
Returns: exterior_angle : number Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 4, 8) >>> rp.exterior_angle pi/4
-
incircle
¶ The incircle of the RegularPolygon.
Returns: incircle : Circle Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 4, 7) >>> rp.incircle Circle(Point2D(0, 0), 4*cos(pi/7))
See also
-
inradius
¶ Alias for apothem.
Examples
>>> from sympy import Symbol >>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> radius = Symbol('r') >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), radius, 4) >>> rp.inradius sqrt(2)*r/2
-
interior_angle
¶ Measure of the interior angles.
Returns: interior_angle : number Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 4, 8) >>> rp.interior_angle 3*pi/4
-
length
¶ Returns the length of the sides.
The half-length of the side and the apothem form two legs of a right triangle whose hypotenuse is the radius of the regular polygon.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon >>> from sympy import sqrt >>> s = square_in_unit_circle = RegularPolygon((0, 0), 1, 4) >>> s.length sqrt(2) >>> sqrt((_/2)**2 + s.apothem**2) == s.radius True
-
radius
¶ Radius of the RegularPolygon
This is also the radius of the circumscribing circle.
Returns: radius : number or instance of Basic Examples
>>> from sympy import Symbol >>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> radius = Symbol('r') >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), radius, 4) >>> rp.radius r
-
reflect
(line)[source]¶ Override GeometryEntity.reflect since this is not made of only points.
Examples
>>> from sympy import RegularPolygon, Line
>>> RegularPolygon((0, 0), 1, 4).reflect(Line((0, 1), slope=-2)) RegularPolygon(Point2D(4/5, 2/5), -1, 4, atan(4/3))
-
rotate
(angle, pt=None)[source]¶ Override GeometryEntity.rotate to first rotate the RegularPolygon about its center.
>>> from sympy import Point, RegularPolygon, Polygon, pi >>> t = RegularPolygon(Point(1, 0), 1, 3) >>> t.vertices[0] # vertex on x-axis Point2D(2, 0) >>> t.rotate(pi/2).vertices[0] # vertex on y axis now Point2D(0, 2)
-
rotation
¶ CCW angle by which the RegularPolygon is rotated
Returns: rotation : number or instance of Basic Examples
>>> from sympy import pi >>> from sympy.abc import a >>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 3, 4, pi/4).rotation pi/4
Numerical rotation angles are made canonical:
>>> RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 3, 4, a).rotation a >>> RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 3, 4, pi).rotation 0
-
scale
(x=1, y=1, pt=None)[source]¶ Override GeometryEntity.scale since it is the radius that must be scaled (if x == y) or else a new Polygon must be returned.
>>> from sympy import RegularPolygon
Symmetric scaling returns a RegularPolygon:
>>> RegularPolygon((0, 0), 1, 4).scale(2, 2) RegularPolygon(Point2D(0, 0), 2, 4, 0)
Asymmetric scaling returns a kite as a Polygon:
>>> RegularPolygon((0, 0), 1, 4).scale(2, 1) Polygon(Point2D(2, 0), Point2D(0, 1), Point2D(-2, 0), Point2D(0, -1))
-
spin
(angle)[source]¶ Increment in place the virtual Polygon’s rotation by ccw angle.
See also: rotate method which moves the center.
>>> from sympy import Polygon, Point, pi >>> r = Polygon(Point(0,0), 1, n=3) >>> r.vertices[0] Point2D(1, 0) >>> r.spin(pi/6) >>> r.vertices[0] Point2D(sqrt(3)/2, 1/2)
-
vertices
¶ The vertices of the RegularPolygon.
Returns: vertices : list
Each vertex is a Point.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import RegularPolygon, Point >>> rp = RegularPolygon(Point(0, 0), 5, 4) >>> rp.vertices [Point2D(5, 0), Point2D(0, 5), Point2D(-5, 0), Point2D(0, -5)]
See also
-
-
class
sympy.geometry.polygon.
Triangle
[source]¶ A polygon with three vertices and three sides.
Parameters: points : sequence of Points
keyword: asa, sas, or sss to specify sides/angles of the triangle
Raises: GeometryError
If the number of vertices is not equal to three, or one of the vertices is not a Point, or a valid keyword is not given.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(4, 3)) Triangle(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(4, 0), Point2D(4, 3))
Keywords sss, sas, or asa can be used to give the desired side lengths (in order) and interior angles (in degrees) that define the triangle:
>>> Triangle(sss=(3, 4, 5)) Triangle(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(3, 0), Point2D(3, 4)) >>> Triangle(asa=(30, 1, 30)) Triangle(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1, 0), Point2D(1/2, sqrt(3)/6)) >>> Triangle(sas=(1, 45, 2)) Triangle(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(2, 0), Point2D(sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/2))
See also
Attributes
vertices altitudes orthocenter circumcenter circumradius circumcircle inradius incircle exradii medians medial nine_point_circle -
altitudes
¶ The altitudes of the triangle.
An altitude of a triangle is a segment through a vertex, perpendicular to the opposite side, with length being the height of the vertex measured from the line containing the side.
Returns: altitudes : dict
The dictionary consists of keys which are vertices and values which are Segments.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.altitudes[p1] Segment2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1/2, 1/2))
-
bisectors
()[source]¶ The angle bisectors of the triangle.
An angle bisector of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex which cuts the corresponding angle in half.
Returns: bisectors : dict
Each key is a vertex (Point) and each value is the corresponding bisector (Segment).
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle, Segment >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> from sympy import sqrt >>> t.bisectors()[p2] == Segment(Point(1, 0), Point(0, sqrt(2) - 1)) True
-
circumcenter
¶ The circumcenter of the triangle
The circumcenter is the center of the circumcircle.
Returns: circumcenter : Point Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.circumcenter Point2D(1/2, 1/2)
See also
-
circumcircle
¶ The circle which passes through the three vertices of the triangle.
Returns: circumcircle : Circle Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.circumcircle Circle(Point2D(1/2, 1/2), sqrt(2)/2)
See also
-
circumradius
¶ The radius of the circumcircle of the triangle.
Returns: circumradius : number of Basic instance Examples
>>> from sympy import Symbol >>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> a = Symbol('a') >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, a) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.circumradius sqrt(a**2/4 + 1/4)
See also
-
eulerline
¶ The Euler line of the triangle.
The line which passes through circumcenter, centroid and orthocenter.
Returns: eulerline : Line (or Point for equilateral triangles in which case all
centers coincide)
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.eulerline Line2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1/2, 1/2))
-
excenters
¶ Excenters of the triangle.
An excenter is the center of a circle that is tangent to a side of the triangle and the extensions of the other two sides.
Returns: excenters : dict Examples
The excenters are keyed to the side of the triangle to which their corresponding excircle is tangent: The center is keyed, e.g. the excenter of a circle touching side 0 is:
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(6, 0), Point(0, 2) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.excenters[t.sides[0]] Point2D(12*sqrt(10), 2/3 + sqrt(10)/3)
References
[R469] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Excircles.html
-
exradii
¶ The radius of excircles of a triangle.
An excircle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two.
Returns: exradii : dict Examples
The exradius touches the side of the triangle to which it is keyed, e.g. the exradius touching side 2 is:
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle, Segment2D, Point2D >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(6, 0), Point(0, 2) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.exradii[t.sides[2]] -2 + sqrt(10)
References
[1] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Exradius.html [2] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Excircles.html
-
incenter
¶ The center of the incircle.
The incircle is the circle which lies inside the triangle and touches all three sides.
Returns: incenter : Point Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.incenter Point2D(1 - sqrt(2)/2, 1 - sqrt(2)/2)
See also
-
incircle
¶ The incircle of the triangle.
The incircle is the circle which lies inside the triangle and touches all three sides.
Returns: incircle : Circle Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(2, 0), Point(0, 2) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.incircle Circle(Point2D(2 - sqrt(2), 2 - sqrt(2)), 2 - sqrt(2))
See also
-
inradius
¶ The radius of the incircle.
Returns: inradius : number of Basic instance Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(0, 3) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.inradius 1
See also
-
is_equilateral
()[source]¶ Are all the sides the same length?
Returns: is_equilateral : boolean Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> t1 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(4, 3)) >>> t1.is_equilateral() False
>>> from sympy import sqrt >>> t2 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(10, 0), Point(5, 5*sqrt(3))) >>> t2.is_equilateral() True
-
is_isosceles
()[source]¶ Are two or more of the sides the same length?
Returns: is_isosceles : boolean Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> t1 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(2, 4)) >>> t1.is_isosceles() True
See also
-
is_right
()[source]¶ Is the triangle right-angled.
Returns: is_right : boolean Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> t1 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(4, 3)) >>> t1.is_right() True
-
is_scalene
()[source]¶ Are all the sides of the triangle of different lengths?
Returns: is_scalene : boolean Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> t1 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(1, 4)) >>> t1.is_scalene() True
See also
-
is_similar
(t2)[source]¶ Is another triangle similar to this one.
Two triangles are similar if one can be uniformly scaled to the other.
Parameters: other: Triangle Returns: is_similar : boolean Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> t1 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(4, 3)) >>> t2 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(-4, 0), Point(-4, -3)) >>> t1.is_similar(t2) True
>>> t2 = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(-4, 0), Point(-4, -4)) >>> t1.is_similar(t2) False
-
medial
¶ The medial triangle of the triangle.
The triangle which is formed from the midpoints of the three sides.
Returns: medial : Triangle Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.medial Triangle(Point2D(1/2, 0), Point2D(1/2, 1/2), Point2D(0, 1/2))
See also
-
medians
¶ The medians of the triangle.
A median of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side, and divides the triangle into two equal areas.
Returns: medians : dict
Each key is a vertex (Point) and each value is the median (Segment) at that point.
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.medians[p1] Segment2D(Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(1/2, 1/2))
-
nine_point_circle
¶ The nine-point circle of the triangle.
Nine-point circle is the circumcircle of the medial triangle, which passes through the feet of altitudes and the middle points of segments connecting the vertices and the orthocenter.
Returns: nine_point_circle : Circle Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.nine_point_circle Circle(Point2D(1/4, 1/4), sqrt(2)/4)
-
orthocenter
¶ The orthocenter of the triangle.
The orthocenter is the intersection of the altitudes of a triangle. It may lie inside, outside or on the triangle.
Returns: orthocenter : Point Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Point, Triangle >>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 0), Point(0, 1) >>> t = Triangle(p1, p2, p3) >>> t.orthocenter Point2D(0, 0)
See also
-
vertices
¶ The triangle’s vertices
Returns: vertices : tuple
Each element in the tuple is a Point
Examples
>>> from sympy.geometry import Triangle, Point >>> t = Triangle(Point(0, 0), Point(4, 0), Point(4, 3)) >>> t.vertices (Point2D(0, 0), Point2D(4, 0), Point2D(4, 3))
See also
-